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 Copyright (C) 2006 Joe Walnes.
 Copyright (C) 2006, 2007, 2011 XStream committers.
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  <head>
    <title>Annotations Tutorial</title>
  </head>
  <body>

<!-- ...................................................... -->
<h2 id="Motivation">Motivation</h2>
<p>Sometimes it can get tedious to call all those XStream aliases/register converter methods or you might simply like
the new trend on configuring POJOs: Java annotations.</p>
<p>This tutorial will show you how to use some of the annotations provided by XStream in order to make configuration
easier.  Let's start with a custom Message class:</p>
<div class="Source Java"><pre>package com.thoughtworks.xstream;
package com.thoughtworks.xstream;
public class RendezvousMessage {

	private int messageType;
	
	public RendezvousMessage(int messageType) {
		this.messageType = messageType;
	}
	
}</pre></div>
<p>Let's code the XStream calls which generate the XML file:</p>
<div class="Source Java"><pre>
package com.thoughtworks.xstream;
public class Tutorial {

	public static void main(String[] args) {
		XStream stream = new XStream();
		RendezvousMessage msg = new RendezvousMessage(15);
		System.out.println(stream.toXML(msg));
	}

}
</pre></div>
<p>Results in the following XML:</p>
<div class="Source Java"><pre>
&lt;com.thoughtworks.xstream.RendezvousMessage&gt;
  &lt;messageType&gt;15&lt;/messageType&gt;
&lt;/com.thoughtworks.xstream.RendezvousMessage&gt;
</pre></div>

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<h2 id="Aliasing">Aliasing Annotation</h2>
<p>The most basic annotation is the one responsible for type and field aliasing: @XStreamAlias.  Let's annotate both
our type and field and run the tutorial method again:</p>
<div class="Source Java"><pre>
@XStreamAlias("message")
class RendezvousMessage {

	@XStreamAlias("type")
	private int messageType;
	
	public RendezvousMessage(int messageType) {
		this.messageType = messageType;
	}
	
}
</pre></div>
<p>In some strange way, the result is the same.  What happened here?  XStream does not read this annotation by default
as it would be impossible to deserialize the XML code.  Therefore we need to tell XStream to read the annotations from
this type:</p>
<div class="Source Java"><pre>
	public static void main(String[] args) {
		XStream stream = new XStream();
		xstream.processAnnotations(RendezvousMessage.class);
		RendezvousMessage msg = new RendezvousMessage(15);
		System.out.println(stream.toXML(msg));
	}
</pre></div>
<p>Note that we have called the processAnnotations method of XStream.  This method registers all aliases annotations in
the XStream instance passed as first argument. You may also use the overloaded version of this method taking an array
of types.  The resulting XML is now what we have expected:</p>
<div class="Source Java"><pre>
&lt;message&gt;
  &lt;type&gt;15&lt;/type&gt;
&lt;/message&gt;
</pre></div>
<p>If you let XStream process the annotations of a type, it will also process all annotations of the related types i.e.
all super types, implemented interfaces, the class types of the members and all their generic types.</p>

<!-- ...................................................... -->
<h2 id="ImplicitCollections">Implicit Collections</h2>
<p>Let's add a List of content to our RendezvousMessage.  We desire the same functionality obtained with implicit
collections:</p>
<div class="Source Java"><pre>
@XStreamAlias("message")
class RendezvousMessage {

	@XStreamAlias("type")
	private int messageType;        
	
	private List&lt;String&gt; content;
	
	public RendezvousMessage(int messageType, String ... content) {
		this.messageType = messageType;
		this.content = Arrays.asList(content);
	}
	
}
</pre></div>
<div class="Source Java"><pre>
	public static void main(String[] args) {
		XStream stream = new XStream();
		xstream.processAnnotations(RendezvousMessage.class);
		RendezvousMessage msg = new RendezvousMessage(15, "firstPart","secondPart");
		System.out.println(stream.toXML(msg));
	}
</pre></div>
<p>The resulting XML shows the collection name before its elements:</p>
<div class="Source Java"><pre>
&lt;message&gt;
  &lt;type&gt;15&lt;/type&gt;
  &lt;content class="java.util.Arrays$ArrayList"&gt;
    &lt;a class="string-array"&gt;
      &lt;string&gt;firstPart&lt;/string&gt;
      &lt;string&gt;secondPart&lt;/string&gt;
    &lt;/a&gt;
  &lt;/content&gt;
&lt;/message&gt;
</pre></div>
<p>This is not what we desire therefore we will annotate the content list to be recognized as an implicit collection:</p>
<div class="Source Java"><pre>
@XStreamAlias("message")
class RendezvousMessage {

	@XStreamAlias("type")
	private int messageType;

	@XStreamImplicit
	private List&lt;String&gt; content;

	public RendezvousMessage(int messageType, String... content) {
		this.messageType = messageType;
		this.content = Arrays.asList(content);
	}

}
</pre></div>
<p>Resulting in an XML which ignores the field name (content) of the list:</p>
<div class="Source Java"><pre>
&lt;message&gt;
  &lt;type&gt;15&lt;/type&gt;
  &lt;a class="string-array"&gt;
    &lt;string&gt;firstPart&lt;/string&gt;
    &lt;string&gt;secondPart&lt;/string&gt;
  &lt;/a&gt;
&lt;/message&gt;
</pre></div>
<p>We are almost there... we still want to remove the 'a' tag, and define each content part with the tag 'part'.  In
order to do so, let's add another attribute to our implicit collection annotation.  The attribute field defines the
name of the tag used for data contained inside this collection:</p>
<div class="Source Java"><pre>
@XStreamAlias("message")
class RendezvousMessage {

	@XStreamAlias("type")
	private int messageType;

	@XStreamImplicit(itemFieldName="part")
	private List&lt;String&gt; content;

	public RendezvousMessage(int messageType, String... content) {
		this.messageType = messageType;
		this.content = Arrays.asList(content);
	}

}
</pre></div>
<p>Resulting in a cleaner XML:</p>
<div class="Source Java"><pre>
&lt;message&gt;
  &lt;type&gt;15&lt;/type&gt;
  &lt;part&gt;firstPart&lt;/part&gt;
  &lt;part&gt;secondPart&lt;/part&gt;
&lt;/message&gt;
</pre></div>

<p>The implicit annotation can also be used for arrays and maps.  In the latter case you should provide the field name
of the values that are used as key of the map.</p>

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<h2 id="LocalConverters">Local Converters</h2>
<p>Let's create another attribute which defines the timestamp when the message was created and one to flag special
importance of the message:</p>
<div class="Source Java"><pre>
@XStreamAlias("message")
class RendezvousMessage {

	@XStreamAlias("type")
	private int messageType;

	@XStreamImplicit(itemFieldName="part")
	private List&lt;String&gt; content;
	
	private boolean important;
	
	private Calendar created = new GregorianCalendar();

	public RendezvousMessage(int messageType, boolean important, String... content) {
		this.messageType = messageType;
		this.important = important;
		this.content = Arrays.asList(content);
	}

}
</pre></div>
<p>Resulting in the following xml:</p>
<div class="Source Java"><pre>
&lt;message&gt;
  &lt;type&gt;15&lt;/type&gt;
  &lt;part&gt;firstPart&lt;/part&gt;
  &lt;part&gt;secondPart&lt;/part&gt;
  &lt;important&gt;false&lt;/important&gt;
  &lt;created&gt;
    &lt;time&gt;1154097812245&lt;/time&gt;
    &lt;timezone&gt;America/Sao_Paulo&lt;/timezone&gt;
  &lt;/created&gt;
&lt;/message&gt;
</pre></div>
<p>Now we face the following problem:  We want to use a custom converter locally for this Calendar, but only for this
Calendar, this exact field in this exact type.  Easy... let's annotate it with the custom converter annotation:</p>
<div class="Source Java"><pre>
@XStreamAlias("message")
class RendezvousMessage {

	@XStreamAlias("type")
	private int messageType;

	@XStreamImplicit(itemFieldName="part")
	private List&lt;String&gt; content;
	
	private boolean important;

	@XStreamConverter(SingleValueCalendarConverter.class)
	private Calendar created = new GregorianCalendar();

	public RendezvousMessage(int messageType, String... content) {
		this.messageType = messageType;
		this.content = Arrays.asList(content);
	}

}
</pre></div>
<p>Let's create the custom converter:</p>
<div class="Source Java"><pre>
public class SingleValueCalendarConverter implements Converter {

    public void marshal(Object source, HierarchicalStreamWriter writer,
            MarshallingContext context) {
        Calendar calendar = (Calendar) source;
        writer.setValue(String.valueOf(calendar.getTime().getTime()));
    }

    public Object unmarshal(HierarchicalStreamReader reader,
            UnmarshallingContext context) {
        GregorianCalendar calendar = new GregorianCalendar();
        calendar.setTime(new Date(Long.parseLong(reader.getValue())));
        return calendar;
    }

    public boolean canConvert(Class type) {
        return type.equals(GregorianCalendar.class);
    }
}
</pre></div>
<p>And we end up with the converter being used and generating the following XML:</p>
<div class="Source Java"><pre>
&lt;message&gt;
  &lt;type&gt;15&lt;/type&gt;
  &lt;part&gt;firstPart&lt;/part&gt;
  &lt;part&gt;secondPart&lt;/part&gt;
  &lt;important&gt;false&lt;/important&gt;
  &lt;created&gt;1154097812245&lt;/created&gt;
&lt;/message&gt;
</pre></div>

<p>Additionally we want to format the importance flag not with a technical <em>true</em> or <em>false</em>, but with a
natural <em>yes</em> or <em>no</em>.  Fortunately the BooleanConverter supports alternate format styles, but how can we
use an annotation to register a new instance locally?  The XStreamConverter annotation uses some lightweight dependency
injection mechanism to match given arguments with the parameters of available constructors.  That way we can write now:</p>
<div class="Source Java"><pre>
@XStreamAlias("message")
class RendezvousMessage {

	@XStreamAlias("type")
	private int messageType;

	@XStreamImplicit(itemFieldName="part")
	private List&lt;String&gt; content;
	
	@XStreamConverter(value=BooleanConverter.class, booleans={false}, strings={"yes", "no"})
	private boolean important;
	
	@XStreamConverter(SingleValueCalendarConverter.class)
	private Calendar created = new GregorianCalendar();

	public RendezvousMessage(int messageType, boolean important, String... content) {
		this.messageType = messageType;
		this.important = important;
		this.content = Arrays.asList(content);
	}

}
</pre></div>

<p>The BooleanConverter has an additional constructor with two string values expressing <em>true</em> and
<em>false</em> and a third argument to ignore case of these values.  Therefore we have added all 3 arguments to the
annotation.  The sequence of the arguments is only important for same types.  As result we have now:</p>
<div class="Source Java"><pre>
&lt;message&gt;
  &lt;type&gt;15&lt;/type&gt;
  &lt;part&gt;firstPart&lt;/part&gt;
  &lt;part&gt;secondPart&lt;/part&gt;
  &lt;important&gt;no&lt;/important&gt;
  &lt;created&gt;1154097812245&lt;/created&gt;
&lt;/message&gt;
</pre></div>

<p>See the Javadoc of the XStreamConverter annotation what more arguments are provided implicitly.</p>

<!-- ...................................................... -->
<h2 id="Attributes">Attributes</h2>
<p>The client may asks for the type tag and the importance flag to be an attribute inside the message tag, as follows:</p>
<div class="Source Java"><pre>
&lt;message type="15" important="no"&gt;
  &lt;part&gt;firstPart&lt;/part&gt;
  &lt;part&gt;secondPart&lt;/part&gt;
  &lt;created&gt;1154097812245&lt;/created&gt;
&lt;/message&gt;
</pre></div>
<p>All you need to do is add the @XStreamAsAttribute annotation:</p>
<div class="Source Java"><pre>
@XStreamAlias("message")
class RendezvousMessage {

	@XStreamAlias("type")
   	@XStreamAsAttribute
	private int messageType;

	@XStreamImplicit(itemFieldName="part")
	private List&lt;String&gt; content;
	
   	@XStreamAsAttribute
	@XStreamConverter(value=BooleanConverter.class, booleans={false}, strings={"yes", "no"})
	private boolean important;

	@XStreamConverter(SingleValueCalendarConverter.class)
	private Calendar created = new GregorianCalendar();

	public RendezvousMessage(int messageType, boolean important, String... content) {
		this.messageType = messageType;
		this.important = important;
		this.content = Arrays.asList(content);
	}
}
</pre></div>

<!-- ...................................................... -->
<h2 id="FieldAsText">Field as Text Value</h2>

<p>Sometimes it is desirable to use a single field as text value for a XML element and all other fields should be
written as attributes.  XStream delivers the ToAttributedValueConverter, that will write a type with this form:</p> 
<div class="Source Java"><pre>
@XStreamAlias("message")
@XStreamConverter(value=ToAttributedValueConverter.class, strings={"content"})
class RendezvousMessage {

	@XStreamAlias("type")
	private int messageType;

	private List&lt;String&gt; content;
	
	@XStreamConverter(value=BooleanConverter.class, booleans={false}, strings={"yes", "no"})
	private boolean important;

	@XStreamConverter(SingleValueCalendarConverter.class)
	private Calendar created = new GregorianCalendar();

	public RendezvousMessage(int messageType, boolean important, String... content) {
		this.messageType = messageType;
		this.important = important;
		this.content = Arrays.asList(content);
	}
}
</pre></div>

<p>Unfortunately our little example <strong>does not work</strong>!  Although we register the converter with the
XStreamConverter annotation and provide with its arguments the field name, the conversion will fail later on.  To use
this converter you have to respect the implicit requirement:  Any field (derived or not) has to be expressed as a
single string i.e. technically XStream has to use a SingleValueConverter.  In our case we have a list of strings that
prevent the conversion.  Therefore we have to use either a custom converter that transforms this list into a single
string or we use for simplicity a simple string here:</p>
<div class="Source Java"><pre>
@XStreamAlias("message")
@XStreamConverter(value=ToAttributedValueConverter.class, strings={"content"})
class RendezvousMessage {

	@XStreamAlias("type")
	private int messageType;

	private String content;
	
	@XStreamConverter(value=BooleanConverter.class, booleans={false}, strings={"yes", "no"})
	private boolean important;

	@XStreamConverter(SingleValueCalendarConverter.class)
	private Calendar created = new GregorianCalendar();

	public RendezvousMessage(int messageType, boolean important, String content) {
		this.messageType = messageType;
		this.important = important;
		this.content = content;
	}
}
</pre></div>

<p>Now it is possible to generate this XML:</p>
<div class="Source Java"><pre>
&lt;message type="15" important="no" created="1154097812245"&gt;This is the message content.&lt;/message&gt;
</pre></div>

<p>Note, that no XStreamAsAttribute annotations were necessary.  The converter assumes it implicitly.</p>

<!-- ...................................................... -->
<h2 id="OmitField">Omitting Fields</h2>
<p>Sometimes a class may contain elements that should not be part of the resulting XML.  In our case we may now drop
the 'messageType', since we are only interested at the content. This is easy using the @XStreamOmitField annotation:</p>
<div class="Source Java"><pre>
@XStreamAlias("message")
class RendezvousMessage {

   	@XStreamOmitField
	private int messageType;

	@XStreamImplicit(itemFieldName="part")
	private List&lt;String&gt; content;

	@XStreamConverter(value=BooleanConverter.class, booleans={false}, strings={"yes", "no"})
	private boolean important;

	@XStreamConverter(SingleValueCalendarConverter.class)
	private Calendar created = new GregorianCalendar();

	public RendezvousMessage(int messageType, boolean important, String... content) {
		this.messageType = messageType;
		this.important = important;
		this.content = Arrays.asList(content);
	}
}
</pre></div>
<p>The resulting XML does not contain the type of the message anymore:</p>
<div class="Source Java"><pre>
&lt;message&gt;
  &lt;part&gt;firstPart&lt;/part&gt;
  &lt;part&gt;secondPart&lt;/part&gt;
  &lt;important&gt;no&lt;/important&gt;
  &lt;created&gt;1154097812245&lt;/created&gt;
&lt;/message&gt;
</pre></div>

<!-- ...................................................... -->
<h2 id="AutoDetect">Auto-detect Annotations</h2>
<p>Until now we have always told you, that you have to call processAnnotation to configure the XStream instance with
the present annotations in the different classes.  However, this is only half the truth.  You can run XStream also in a
lazy mode, where it auto-detects the annotations while processing the object graph and configure the XStream instance
on-the-fly:</p>
<div class="Source Java"><pre>
package com.thoughtworks.xstream;
public class Tutorial {

	public static void main(String[] args) {
		XStream stream = new XStream();
		xstream.autodetectAnnotations(true);
		RendezvousMessage msg = new RendezvousMessage(15);
		System.out.println(stream.toXML(msg));
	}

}
</pre></div>
<p>The resulting XML will look as expected!  Nevertheless you have to understand the implications, therefore some words
of warning:</p>
<ol>
<li><strong>Chicken-and-egg problem</strong>
<p>An XStream instance caches all class types processed for annotations.  Every time XStream converts an object it will
in auto-detection mode first process the object's type and all the types related (as explained
<a href="#Aliasing">above</a>). Therefore it is no problem to serialize an object graph into XML, since XStream will
know of all types in advance.  This is no longer true at deserialization time.  XStream has to know the alias to turn
it into the proper type, but it can find the annotation for the alias only if it has processed the type in advance.
Therefore deserialization will fail if the type has not already been processed either by having called XStream's
processAnnotations method or by already having serialized this type.  However, @XStreamAlias is the only annotation
that may fail in this case.</p></li>
<li><strong>Concurrency</strong>
<p>XStream is not thread-safe while it is configured, thread-safety is only guaranteed during marshalling and
unmarshalling.  Unfortunately an annotation is defining a change in configuration that is now applied while object
marshalling is processed.  Therefore will the auto-detection mode turn XStream's marshalling process in a thread-unsafe
operation.  While XStream synchronizes the configuration modification, it cannot guard concurrent reads and you may run
under certain circumstances into concurrency problems.  If you abolutely have to rely on annotation processing on the
fly, you will have to use separate XStream instances for each thread - either by using everytime a new instance or by a
shared pool.</p></li>
<li><strong>Exceptions</strong>
<p>XStream uses a well-defined exception hierarchy.  Normally an InitializationException is only thrown while XStream
is configured.  If annotations are processed on the fly they can be thrown obviously also in a marshalling process.</p></li>
<li><strong>Performance</strong>
<p>In auto-detection mode XStream will have to examine any unknown class type for annotations.  This will slow down the
marshalling process until all processed types have been examined once.</p></li>
</ol>
<p>Please note, that any call to XStream.processAnnotations will turn off the auto-detection mode.</p>

<!-- ...................................................... -->
<h2 id="Summary">Summing up</h2>
<p>The XStream annotations support might help you configuring your class mappings in some ways, as the custom
configuration will appear in your types, but might not be the solution for other problems, i.e. when you need to map
the same type to two different XML 'standards'.  Others might claim that the configuration should be clearly stated in
a Java class and not mixed with your model, its up to you to pick the best approach in your case:  Annotations or
direct method calls to the XStream instance.  Annotations do not provide more functionality, but may improve
convenience.</p>

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